What Do You Expect Unit Test Answer Key

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    Published on December 10, 10 minutes to read Unit testing still causes controversy among developers and product managers. There are both opponents and supporters of this kind of testing. What are unit tests, why unit testing is important, and how it they help developers and business owners? For the answers to these questions and more, read on.

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    Developers write unit tests for their code to make sure that the code works correctly. This helps to detect and protect against bugs in the future. Sometimes developers write unit tests first, then write the code. This approach is also known as test-driven development TDD. In TDD, requirements are turned into specific test cases, then the software is improved to pass the new tests.

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    Unit testing is similar, in that it allows developers to modify code without affecting the functionality of other units or the product, as a whole. Unit tests are usually written in the form of functions and check the value and behavior of these functions in various scenarios. We can expect that the function will notify some component about an attempt to divide by zero. Thus, we test two cases: In an invalid situation, the function will notify us that we are doing something wrong an exceptional situation The function will identify this invalid situation and log it Read also: How to manage three horizons of the product development life cycle Eight Advantages of Unit Testing Some developers underestimate the importance of writing unit tests. What follows are five benefits of unit testing that you may want to consider before forming your own opinion. Any bugs are found easily and quicker Code covered with tests is more reliable than the code without.

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    If a future change breaks something in the code, developers will be able to identify the root of the problem right away rather than coming through an unwieldy codebase to find the issue. However, consider the human factor: A developer might forget to run unit tests after making changes and submit potentially non-working code to a common branch. To avoid this, many companies apply a continuous development approach. Tools for continuous integration are used for this, allowing developers to run unit tests automatically. Thus, any unwanted changes in the code will be detected by a cold, logical machine. The speed of detecting non-working code depends on the tools used for continuous integration.

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    Tests can be set to run either a one-time check at a certain time interval or can be run immediately in real-time to review changes. In short, unit tests help developers detect problems immediately, then fix them quickly. With fewer resources spent finding bugs, teams can move on to the next phase of a project.

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    The table shows that the earlier a defect is detected, the lower the cost of its correction. When unit tests are written, many bugs are found at the software construction stage, which prevents the transition of these bugs to the following stages, including after the release of the product. Also, you will greatly benefit from improved test time estimation , saving lots of time and resources.

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    Read also: 7 steps to a top-down integration testing strategy Unit testing is an Integral part of extreme programming Unit tests are a prerequisite for the Extreme Programming methodology. Writing unit tests with this methodology makes development and code refactoring simpler, integration easier, and creates living documentation. Which brings us to our next point… Unit testing provides documentation Unit tests are a kind of living documentation of the product. To learn what functionality is provided by one module or another, developers can refer to unit tests to get a basic picture of the logic of the module and the system as a whole. Unit test cases represent indicators that carry information about appropriate or inappropriate use of a software component. Thus, these cases provide the perfect documentation for these indicators. R2: Reusable and Reliable Within unit tests environments, the individual modules of a product become isolated from one another and have their own area of responsibility.

  • The Importance Of Unit Testing, Or How Bugs Found In Time Will Save You Money

    All of this is accelerated with unit testing. Unit tests can provide such an opportunity, and can prevent the unnecessary effort of searching for solutions to non-existent issues. For instance, if you work on a hashed list, you may face a need to check how it will perform if the list grows. The rate of growth is unknown. What you will likely do from here is apply unit tests to try out scenarios of varying levels of probability — from highly probable to absurd. Unit testing improves code coverage Okay, so software unit testing is great, but how much test coverage is necessary? American software engineer Robert C. Martin, also known as Uncle Bob, argues that the goal of test coverage should be that percent of the code is covered.

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    Opinions among developers on this issue differ: some support a complete code coverage policy, while others consider this practice redundant — a topic too lengthily for the purposes of this article. In any case, when writing unit tests, you can use many tools that determine the total percentage of the coverage of a project, separate module, or function. These tools are also able to graphically display the code sections covered by tests and indicate the sections in the code for which it makes most sense to write unit tests. If you have valid unit tests, you can have coverage metrics on hand right away, and decide whether a code line is ever relevant. If your test suite already accounts for all possible scenarios, eliminate the unnecessary code. However, the need for more tests is a sign of increasing cyclomatic complexity.

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    Unit testing reduces code complexity Cyclomatic complexity is a quantitative measure you can use to understand exactly how complex the program and its code are. The more paths are implied in a single code block, the higher the complexity. As you can imagine, this is where achieving perfect unit-test coverage becomes a difficult task. The more conditional statements the code has, the more complex the code block is. Once the creation of unit tests becomes cumbersome, it signals that the code might be overcomplicated too. But without unit tests objectively answering the question of whether your code works or not, all you have is your own assumption.

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    With unit tests, you have concrete proof. Unit testing results in quality software All of the factors listed above are interconnected and imply that unit testing undeniably contributes to improving your software. Unit testing may seem like a tedious process at first, but in the long run, its benefits are clear. This ensures a reliable engineering environment where quality is paramount. Over the course of the product development life cycle, unit testing saves time and money, and helps developers write better code, more efficiently. Deliver your product to market faster Leverage unmatched expertise in manual and automated testing to have faster releases and deal with risks in a timely manner. She is passionate about creating content and is fascinated with technology and the untapped potential it carries for business digital transformation.

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    Chapter 4 Automating data quality tests with assertions This lesson will cover why data quality is important and how to create a data quality testing framework at your company. Data quality Introduction One of the key assets of the data team is having data which can be trusted. Modern data teams use automated data quality tests to check the validity of data they provide to their organization before it is used for analytics and decision making. To create a single source of truth, raw data is ingested into the warehouse from many different sources. Of course, the single source of truth is only useful if the data is correct. Bad data is everywhere As anyone that works with data knows, data quality issues are everywhere. There are various points along your data pipeline where these can creep in: The applications that generate the data in the first place can have issues The ingestion pipeline, moving data from source to your warehouse, might be buggy The transformation code written by the data team may contain errors, or become out of date Any of these issues can lead to incorrect data in the reports, dashboards or analytics which the data team produces.

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    This can lead to poor decisions, and will ultimately impact the trust the organization has with the data team. The data quality firefighting trap Data quality issues constantly appear, and fixing them is important. Naturally, every time the team is alerted to an issue, resolving it becomes a high priority. Unfortunately, resolving the problem can be time consuming: First, someone needs to work out where in your data stack the issue was introduced Next, they need to find a way to resolve the problem.

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    Instead, you need to find a way to build data quality into your processes and workflows. What to do about bad data? For decades, software engineers have been writing tests for their code. Now, data teams are taking inspiration from them. In software engineering, whenever a new piece of functionality is added to a piece of software, the engineer also adds tests. More importantly, the tests prevent unexpected regressions in behaviour caused by updates to the code. If any tests fail, the engineer knows something is wrong! What is a data test? There are two types of tests that can be useful when working with data: assertions and unit tests. Assertions: assertions are runtime checks which assert that real data meets some set of criteria. Unit tests specify some usually fake input data, and the expected output data of the transformation. You can read more about unit testing here.

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    Creating assertions The most common way to define assertions over a dataset is to write a query to select incorrect data. This is best demonstrated with an example: Imagine you are creating a table named customers that contains all the information you have gathered together from various sources about your customers. If it is NULL, something has gone wrong. If rows are returned, it means you need to fix some data quality issues. There are two instances when you can be notified of test failures: During development: One of the team is introducing some updates to an existing transformation. If any fail, there are likely bugs in the new code, and the developer can fix them there and then. During pipeline execution: Your pipelines are likely being updated regularly, perhaps as often as every hour. Ensuring your team is notified whenever this happens means you can respond immediately, minimising impact on the business.

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    What data should you test? The answer here is pretty simple: all of it! Writing assertions takes time, and data teams are usually resource constrained. However, time spent on writing tests now prevents more time being wasted debugging data quality issues in the future. Flaky source data The foundation of the data model is your source data. Typically this is not owned by the data team: it may come from your operational databases, third party providers like Salesforce or Stripe, or even a spreadsheet owned by your finance department. If the input data is incorrect, your entire data model will suffer.

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    Spending time writing assertions which validate the correctness of your data sources will alert you as soon as the problem arises, so you can focus on resolving the bugs. Complex data transformations Your data model will probably contain hundreds of transformations, but there will probably only be a handful that are particularly complex. Monthly Recurring Revenue: Ensure that MRR is never above a particular threshold that you know is very unlikely to be true. Average Order Value: Should never be negative! High visibility output data In most organizations, there are several datasets that are particularly important to the running of your business. If they contain incorrect data, they may cause the whole business to make wrong decisions. What aspects of data quality should you be considering when writing assertions? Validity: Does the dataset conform with expected business rules? Completeness: Does the dataset contain all of the data it should? Timeliness: Is the data available at the time it should be?

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    Consistency: Is data across the warehouse consistent? They all sound pretty sensible, but practically speaking, how can we write assertions to test these dimensions? Uniqueness Most datasets have a field or combination of fields by which they should be unique: often called the primary key, or grain, of the dataset. To check for uniqueness, the assertion should look for rows that share a duplicated primary key. The most simple example is that some fields should always be present i.

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    You may also, for example, know that a numerical value should always be non-negative. If data is missing for a given day, that could indicate a problem. To look out for issues like this, we want to write an assertion that checks that there is some data present for each day of data in the last 30 complete days. The example above hopefully provides inspiration. Timeliness Your datasets will all be built on top of source data being loaded into your warehouse by a data integration system. Timeliness alerts will let you know if data has stopped flowing into your data warehouse. For this, we can write assertions that compare two or more tables. Dataforn, the data modelling platform built for modern data teams, comes with assertions out of the box. Summary Data teams have never had more responsibility within the organization than today.

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    Business decisions - both big and small - depend on the information collected, transformed, analysed and shared by the data team. By adopting a framework with testing at its core, like Dataform, automated data tests can alert you to discrepancies in real time, during development. This not only prevents your organization from making bad decisions, but it also frees up time for your team to focus on value-add work, rather than responding to complaints of inaccurate data.

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    During the development stage, preferably as part of Test-Driven Development TDD How By restricting the communication of the unit from all other artifacts, which it is dependent upon, for its successful execution. Unit is basically the smallest piece of the code, that can be logically isolated and tested in such an isolation. In ABAP, a unit can be a method, function module, subroutine etc. Each unit does its intended tasks, by means of the logic written within it.

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    This will result in certain effects, depending upon the given conditions. They can be either public or private. As mentioned in the 5 WH analysis, we test the behaviors of our production code. It is evident that any given unit will exhibit multiple behaviors depending on the scenario. These are classified as positive and negative test cases. Unit test methods will invoke the corresponding unit of the CUT. As a good practice, it is suggested to write one unit test method for one scenario for one unit. Setup and teardown will be explained a bit later in this blog Independent One test case should not depend upon other test case for execution.

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    Thus there is no interference amongst the test cases. This also ensures that there is no dependency of order of execution of test cases Repeatable The test cases should return the same result each time they are executed Self-validating The unit test itself should convey whether it has passed or failed. These are the components, on which the CUT is dependent on, for its successful execution. These are termed as the DOCs. Also, there are some difficulties if the LTC access the DOCs while execution, the details of which will be addressed in the next blog. We prefer to mock all these dependencies by test doubles. In order to keep things simple in this blog, I have not mentioned the details here. I will provide a deeper look into this in the next blog. As seen in the 5 WH analysis, we verify whether the unit test result is as per the expectations. We pass the actual and expected values as parameters to these methods. So, we make our assertions for the behavior result of the unit test and pass them as parameters.

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    Test Fixtures A test fixture is something which provides a test environment to the entity which is to be tested, so that the test executes consistently each time it is run on the entity. Test fixtures are used in multiple areas, be it software, electronics, manufacturing etc. Test fixture methods play a vital role in the structure of Unit Test modules.

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    In unit testing, we have to setup the test environment and the testing frameworks. At the end of the test we destroy teardown this setup. Executes once for the test class. Invoke utility class method to setup the test double framework in the test environment for all the DOCs. Executes before the execution of each UTM. Here we generally create a fresh new instance of the CUT. Also, the data of the test doubles is defined here. Since this method runs once before each UTM, we get a fresh new instance of the CUT, as well as fresh data for the test doubles. Executes once for the LTC. Destroy the test environment. Here we destroy the doubles and the instance of the LTC, which were created in the setup method. Then, the test begins. Within the specified time frame, you solve the questions, mark the answers and submit the test.

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    Now, your submitted answers are evaluated. Your answers are verified with the expected answers and grades are given accordingly. The system displays your scorecard. After getting your scores you close the system, leave the exam center, go home and keep aside all the study material you referred for this exam.

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