Economics Chapter 2 Test Review Answers

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  • [FREE] Economics Chapter 2 Test Review Answers | new!

    To score well on the IB Economics exam, you should be studying and reviewing the topics you cover in class throughout the year. This will help you cement this information in your mind so you're not struggling for answers on test days. In addition to...

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    Waiting to study until a week or two before the papers. There are a lot of concepts to master. A week or two is not enough time to learn them all that is why IB Economics is taught over 1 to 2 years. Learn the topics as you're supposed to learn them...

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    This part also includes a small subpart titled Historical Changes in Sectors that discusses the changes leading to the development of various sectors over the years. It also acquaints students with the different types of Employment and discusses separately on How to Create More Employment. Part 4: Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised The last topic in the chapter deals with another type of classification of the economic sectors organised and unorganised, and elaborates on each. Students will also get an idea on How to Protect Workers in Unorganised Sectors from overexploitation. Lesson 2 Economics Class 10 wraps up with a summary of all the topics discussed throughout the chapter. Moreover, for a quick recap of the concepts studied in detail students can refer to this solution. They not only solve all the questions with detailed breakdowns but also provide ways of smart learning to help students excel within a limited time.

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    Students will also find detailed summaries and as well as explanations on crucial topics to help them revise quickly before CBSE exams. These solutions also come with unsolved exercises to help students test their knowledge and improvise on their answering efficiency to gain better scores. For complete exam preparation, Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 solutions come handy with an all-in-one guide for students.

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    Allows for greater specialization D. All of the above D Money serves as a unit of account when A. Sellers are willing to accept it in exchange for goods or services B. It can be easily stored and used for transactions in the future C. Prices of goods and services are stated in terms of money C Money serves as a standard of deferred payment when A. It can be easily store today and used for transactions in the future B. Payments agreed to today but made in the future are in terms of money C. Sellers are willing to accept it in exchange for goods or services B The Federal Reserve uses two definitions of the money supply, M1 and M2, because A. M2 satisfies the medium of exchange function of money, whereas M1 satisfies the store of value function B. M2 is a narrow definition focusing more on Liquidy, whereas M1 is a broader definition of the money supply C. M1 is a narrow definition focusing more on liquidy, whereas M2 is a broader definition of the money supply C Distinguishing among money, income, and wealth A.

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    Banks B. One day, you decide to deposit the money in a checking account. How will this action affect the M1 and M2 definitions of the money supply? Both M1 and M2 will remain unchanged B. M1 will decrease and M2 will increase C. Included in both the M1 and M2 definitions of the money supply B. Included in the M1 definition of the money supply, but not in the M2 definition C. Included in neither the M1 definition of the money supply nor in the M2 definition C What are the largest asset and the largest liability of a typical bank? Loans of the largest assets and deposits are the largest liability of a typical bank B. Reserves are the largest asset and deposits are the largest liability of a typical bank C. Loans of the largest liability and deposits are the largest asset of a typical bank A How do the banks create money?

  • Chapter 2 Economic Systems And The American Economy Worksheet Answers

    When there is a decrease in checking account deposits, banks lose reserves and reduce their loans, and the money supply expands B. When there is an increase in checking account deposits, banks gain reserves and make new loans, and the money supply expands C. Banks buy bonds in the open market and gain reserves; this excess reserve holding increases the money supply B The formula for the simple deposit multiplier is A.

  • Practice Questions

    Disadvantages: Searching, data collection, analysis and writing may require more resources. Interpretation may be difficult for readers if the review is large and lacks a clear rationale such as examining consistency of findings for including different modes of an intervention. Disadvantages: Evidence may be sparse. Unable to explore whether different modes of an intervention modify the intervention effects.

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    Increased burden for decision makers if multiple reviews must be accessed e. Scope could be chosen by review authors to produce a desired result. Choice of interventions and comparators e. Opportunity to compare the effectiveness of a range of different intervention options. Advantages: Relative simplicity of objectives and ease of reading. May be unwieldy, and more appropriate to present as an Overview of reviews see Chapter V. Disadvantages: Increased burden for decision makers if not included in an Overview since multiple reviews may need to be accessed. Glass argues that broad reviews, with diverse studies, provide the opportunity to ask interesting questions about the reasons for differential intervention effects.

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    Unfortunately, determining the situations where studies are similar enough to combine with one another is not always straightforward, and it can depend, to some extent, on the question being asked. The former is illustrated by a Cochrane Review that examined the effects of newer-generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents Hetrick et al Newer-generation antidepressants include multiple different compounds e. The objectives of this review were to i estimate the overall effect of newer-generation antidepressants on depression, ii estimate the effect of each compound, and iii examine whether the compound type and age of the participants children versus adolescents is associated with the intervention effect. Objective iii seeks to explore factors that explain heterogeneity among the intervention effects, or equivalently, whether the intervention effect varies by the factor.

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    This can be examined using subgroup analysis or meta-regression Chapter 10, Section Lumping allows for the investigation of factors that may explain heterogeneity. Results from these investigations may provide important leads as to whether an intervention operates differently in, for example, different populations such as in children and adolescents in the example above.

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    Ultimately, this type of knowledge is useful for clinical decision making. However, lumping is likely to introduce heterogeneity, which will not always be explained by a priori specified factors, and this may lead to a combined effect that is clinically difficult to interpret and implement. Splitting comparisons carries its own risk of there being too few studies to yield a useful synthesis. Inevitably, some degree of aggregation across the PICO elements is required for a meta-analysis to be undertaken Caldwell and Welton Since systematic reviews are intended for use in healthcare decision making, review teams should ensure not only the application of robust methodology, but also that the review question is meaningful for healthcare decision making. Two approaches are discussed below: Using results from existing research priority-setting exercises to define the review question.

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    In the absence of, or in addition to, existing research priority-setting exercises, engaging with stakeholders to define review questions and establish their relevance to policy and practice. Using research priority-setting exercises to define the scope of a review helps to prevent the waste of scarce resources for research by making the review more relevant to stakeholders Chalmers et al Research priority setting is always conducted in a specific context, setting and population with specific principles, values and preferences which should be articulated. Researchers or review teams might find it necessary to translate the research priorities into an answerable PICO research question format, and may find it useful to recheck the question with the stakeholder groups to determine whether they have accurately reflected their intentions.

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    While Cochrane Review teams are in most cases reviewing the effects of an intervention with a global scope, they may find that the priorities identified by important stakeholders such as the World Health Organization or other organizations or individuals in a representative health system are informative in planning the review. This is particularly important for making decisions about excluding specific populations or settings, or being inclusive and potentially conducting subgroup analyses. Cochrane has developed a list of priorities for reviews led by review groups and networks, in consultation with key stakeholders, which is available on the Cochrane website. Issues relating to equity see Chapter 16 and Section 2. Examples of materials to support these processes are available Viergever et al , Nasser et al , Tong et al The results of research priority-setting exercises can be searched for in electronic databases and via websites of relevant organizations.

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    Examples are: James Lind Alliance , World Health Organization, organizations of health professionals including research disciplines, and ministries of health in different countries Viergever Examples of search strategies for identifying research priority-setting exercises are available Bryant et al , Tong et al Some guideline developers have prioritized questions identified through the guideline development process Sharma et al , although these priorities will be influenced by the needs of health systems in which different guideline development teams are working. This practice is especially important when developing review questions for studying the effectiveness of health systems and policies, because of the variability between countries and regions; the significance of these differences may only become apparent through discussion with the stakeholders. The stakeholders for a review could include consumers or patients, carers, health professionals of different kinds, policy decision makers and others Chapter 1, Section 1.

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    Identifying the stakeholders who are critical to a particular question will depend on the question, who the answer is likely to affect, and who will be expected to implement the intervention if it is found to be effective or to discontinue it if not. Stakeholder engagement should, optimally, be an ongoing process throughout the life of the systematic review, from defining the question to dissemination of results Keown et al Engaging stakeholders increases relevance, promotes mutual learning, improves uptake and decreases research waste see Chapter 1, Section 1. However, because such engagement can be challenging and resource intensive, a one-off engagement process to define the review question might only be possible. Review questions that are conceptualized and refined by multiple stakeholders can capture much of the complexity that should be addressed in a systematic review. For example, we now know that well-intended interventions can actually widen inequalities in health outcomes since researchers have chosen to investigate this issue Lorenc et al Decision makers can now take account of this knowledge when planning service provision.

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    Authors should therefore consider the potential impact on disadvantaged groups of the intervention s that they are investigating on disadvantaged groups, and whether socio-economic inequalities in health might be affected depending on whether or how they are implemented. Health equity is the absence of avoidable and unfair differences in health Whitehead Chapter 16 presents detailed guidance on this issue for review authors. Attention should be paid to the relevance of the review question to populations such as low socio-economic groups, low- or middle-income regions, women, children and older people.

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    It may mis-specify critical elements of how the intervention s interact with the context s within which they operate to produce specific outcomes, and become either irrelevant or possibly misleading. For example, in a systematic review about smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy, it was essential for authors to take account of the way that health service provision has changed over time. This review also found that the same intervention can have different effects in different settings depending on whether its materials are culturally appropriate in each context Chamberlain et al In order to protect the review against conceptual incoherence and irrelevance, review authors need to spend time at the outset developing definitions for key concepts and ensuring that they are clear about the prior assumptions on which the review depends.

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    Being clear about these prior assumptions also requires review authors to consider the evidential basis for these assumptions and decide for themselves which they can place more or less reliance on. In this section we consider tools that may help to define the scope of the review and the relationships between its key concepts; in particular, articulating how the intervention gives rise to the outcomes selected. In some situations, long sequences of events are expected to occur between an intervention being implemented and an outcome being observed. Several specific tools can help authors to consider issues raised when defining review questions and planning their review; these are also helpful when developing eligibility criteria and classifying included studies.

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    These include the following. Taxonomies: hierarchical structures that can be used to categorize or group related interventions, outcomes or populations. Generic frameworks for examining and structuring the description of intervention characteristics e. Core outcome sets for identifying and defining agreed outcomes that should be measured for specific health conditions described in more detail in Chapter 3. Unlike these tools, which focus on particular aspects of a review, logic models provide a framework for planning and guiding synthesis at the review level see Section 2. They depict intervention components, mechanisms pathways of action , outputs, and outcomes as sequential although not necessarily linear chains of events.

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    Among systematic review authors, they were originally proposed as a useful tool when working with evaluations of complex social and population health programmes and interventions, to conceptualize the pathways through which interventions are intended to change outcomes Anderson et al In reviews where intervention complexity is a key consideration see Chapter 17 , logic models can be particularly helpful.

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    For example, in a review of psychosocial group interventions for those with HIV, a logic model was used to show how the intervention might work van der Heijden et al The review authors depicted proximal outcomes, such as self-esteem, but chose only to include psychological health outcomes in their review. In contrast, Bailey and colleagues included proximal outcomes in their review of computer-based interventions for sexual health promotion using a logic model to show how outcomes were grouped Bailey et al Finally, in a review of slum upgrading, a logic model showed the broad range of interventions and their interlinkages with health and socio-economic outcomes Turley et al , and enabled the review authors to select a specific intervention category physical upgrading on which to focus the review.

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    Further resources provide further examples of logic models, and can help review authors develop and use logic models Anderson et al , Baxter et al , Kneale et al , Pfadenhauer et al , Rohwer et al Logic models can vary in their emphasis, with a distinction sometimes made between system-based and process-oriented logic models Rehfuess et al System-based logic models have particular value in examining the complexity of the system e. Process-oriented logic models aim to capture the complexity of causal pathways by which the intervention leads to outcomes, and any factors that may modify intervention effects.

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    However, this is not a crisp distinction; the two types are interrelated; with some logic models depicting elements of both systems and process models simultaneously. The way that logic models can be represented diagrammatically see Chapter 17 for an example provides a valuable visual summary for readers and can be a communication tool for decision makers and practitioners. They can aid initially in the development of a shared understanding between different stakeholders of the scope of the review and its PICO, helping to support decisions taken throughout the review process, from developing the research question and setting the review parameters, to structuring and interpreting the results.

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    They can be used in planning the PICO elements of a review as well as for determining how the synthesis will be structured i. These models may help review authors specify the link between the intervention, proximal and distal outcomes, and mediating factors. In other words, they depict the intervention theory underpinning the synthesis plan. Logic models can be useful in systematic reviews when considering whether failure to find a beneficial effect of an intervention is due to a theory failure, an implementation failure, or both see Chapter 17 and Cargo et al Making a distinction between implementation and intervention theory can help to determine whether and how the intervention interacts with and potentially changes its context see Chapter 3 and Chapter 17 for further discussion of context.

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    This helps to elucidate situations in which variations in how the intervention is implemented have the potential to affect the integrity of the intervention and intended outcomes. Given their potential value in conceptualizing and structuring a review, logic models are increasingly published in review protocols. Logic models may be specified a priori and remain unchanged throughout the review; it might be expected, however, that the findings of reviews produce evidence and new understandings that could be used to update the logic model in some way Kneale et al Some reviews take a more staged approach, pre-specifying points in the review process where the model may be revised on the basis of new evidence Rehfuess et al and a staged logic model can provide an efficient way to report revisions to the synthesis plan.

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    For example, in a review of portion, package and tableware size for changing selection or consumption of food and other products, the authors presented a logic model that clearly showed changes to their original synthesis plan Hollands et al It is preferable to seek out existing logic models for the intervention and revise or adapt these models in line with the review focus, although this may not always be possible. More commonly, new models are developed starting with the identification of outcomes and theorizing the necessary pre-conditions to reach those outcomes. This process of theorizing and identifying the steps and necessary pre-conditions continues, working backwards from the intended outcomes, until the intervention itself is represented.

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    Logic models can be developed with stakeholders see Section 2. While logic models provide a guiding theory of how interventions are intended to work, critiques exist around their use, including their potential to oversimplify complex intervention processes Rohwer et al Reviews are analyses of existing data that are constrained by previously chosen study populations, settings, intervention formulations, outcome measures and study designs. It is generally not possible to formulate an answerable question for a review without knowing some of the studies relevant to the question, and it may become clear that the questions a review addresses need to be modified in light of evidence accumulated in the process of conducting the review. Although a certain fluidity and refinement of questions is to be expected in reviews as a fuller understanding of the evidence is gained, it is important to guard against bias in modifying questions.

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    Data-driven questions can generate false conclusions based on spurious results. Sensitivity analyses may be used to assess the impact of changes on the review findings see Chapter 10, Section

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    Under the horizontal interpretation, we begin with a price for the good and then use the demand curve to read the quantity demanded at that price on the horizontal axis. The equilibrium price of a good is determined by the intersection of its supply and demand curves. If price control regulation prevented the price of gasoline from rising to its equilibrium level, we would expect to see symptoms of excess demand for gasoline such as lines of cars waiting at the pumps to buy gas.

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    A change in demand means a shift of the entire demand curve, whereas a change in the quantity demanded means a movement along the demand curve in response to a change in price of that specific good. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. It is smart for each individual at a sporting event to stand up in order to get a better view of the game.

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    However, it is dumb for all to stand up since no one sees any better than if all had remained seated. The supply curve shifts to the right. The discovery is a technological improvement, so the improved technique would allow a farmer to use the same inputs to produce more corn. Fertilizer is an input into the production of corn, so this is an example of a decrease in an input price. A decrease in input prices shifts the supply curve to the right. New tax breaks make farming relatively more profitable than before, so those who were earning an income from a non- farming job that paid just a little bit more than farming would switch to farming if the tax break is big enough. The supply curve shifts to the left. A tornado would destroy corn fields along with infrastructure used to harvest and store it.

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    Thus, at every given price the quantity of corn supplied would be lower and the supply curve shifts to the left. The demand curve shifts to the right. Buyer income has risen and vacations are a normal good, so this increases the quantity demanded at every given price. The demand curve shifts to the left. Buyer preference will probably change because most people want to avoid foods that cause heart disease, so buyers will purchase fewer pizzas with pepperoni. Since these goods are substitutes, an increase in the price of MP3s would result in an increased demand for CDs. The demand curve remains unchanged.

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Issues Of The Gilded Age Test A Answers

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