Chapter 8 Political Geography Test Answers

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    D Their empire was larger than that of any other European state. E Their empire controlled strategic islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. A Many are islands. B They are called microstates. C Most are in the southern hemisphere. D All...

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    C has become a more common means to separate states. D is a region of ethnic conflict. E all of the above answer B question 26 The Germans established the proruption known as the Caprivi Strip in present-day Namibia for which of the following...

  • AP Human Geography Chapter 8: Political Geography

    C The number of superpowers was much lower than in the past. D The superpowers had satellites. E The superpowers used religion to settle conflicts. B protected Western Europe from a Soviet invasion. C promoted economic growth in Western Europe. E done all of the above. B an organization of culturally homogenous nations that opposed the Warsaw Pact. C organized to increase availability of mineral resources in perforated states. D a religious entity that sends missionaries to Africa. B military alliances have become more important in Europe. C nationalities have been discouraged from expressing their cultural identities. E the Organization of American States has disbanded.

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    B because attacks are aimed at military targets or political leaders. C because attacks are aimed at ordinary people. D because attacks use only personal weapons. E because attacks have not political goals. B divided among more than one state. C a religious minority in the Middle East. D trying to unite with Turkey. E all of the above. B best physical boundaries between the U. D independent state most likely to form in the next 10 years. A Al-Qaeda has been implicated in several bombings since the attack on the United States in B Al-Qaeda is a single unified organization.

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    In this final chapter the committee summarizes its conclusions and recommendations on steps to improve geographic understanding, improve geographic literacy, strengthen geographic institutions, and take individual and collective responsibility for strengthening the discipline. Improving Geographic Understanding Clearly, geography has too few answers to the questions being posed to it by society, although its potential to answer those questions is considerable.

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    At the same time, geography is being asked too few questions by the other sciences. On the one hand, the demands of society are too large for the current capabilities of the discipline; on the other hand, the demands from other scientific disciplines are too small. Because geography's ability to respond to society's needs depends considerably on its strength as a science, and its strength as a science depends considerably on its support from the family of sciences, this contradiction is a matter of serious concern to the committee. Given society's enhanced interest in geography as a subject, it is essential to improve the knowledge base of geography as a discipline related to critical issues for science and society, to increase the appreciation and use of geographic perspectives in science and society at large, and to treat geographic learning as Page Share Cite Suggested Citation:"8 Rediscovering Geography: Conclusions and Recommendations.

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    Based on the foundation laid in Chapters 1 through 7 , the committee concludes that responses by the discipline and by its external constituencies are needed to: Improve geographic analysis in a new era of data and analytical tool availability, related to broader needs of science. Geography has made remarkable advances in its analytical capabilities during the last generation, but it faces significant challenges in responding to the emergence of new data types and analytical needs. For instance, certain types of georeferenced data e. Moreover, the availability of large quantities of data tends to mask a broader underlying problem: namely, that data availability is not always well matched to data needs. Improved capabilities for data collection and analysis should therefore be high on the discipline's research agenda. Without thoughtful and intellectually robust linkages between these two elements of the research enterprise, geographic analysis will be inherently incomplete.

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    At least as important, the capacity of geographic analysis to address issues of complex systems and nonlinear dynamics needs to be improved in order to fulfill geography's potential to contribute to the body of science. The improvement of capabilities for data collection and analysis should therefore be high on the discipline's research agenda.

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    In addition, it is important to recognize the value of utilizing a variety of methodologies in seeking better understandings of the world, combining geography's characteristic appreciation of diversity with its recognition that there is no single "foolproof method" for producing knowledge. A particular challenge is that of analyzing and modeling relationships among natural science and human science phenomena and processes, which are so often separated by boundaries of epistemology, professional specialization, data categories, and units of measurement. Besides the technical challenges, such as relating economic and ecological indicators, this is also a challenge to individual scientists to transcend conventional boundaries for understandings of other kinds of processes and linkages. Develop integrative, interdisciplinary, relatively large geographic research initiatives in response to priorities of science and society. If geography is to increase its contributions to science and society, it must learn to think more broadly and to respond to science agendas set beyond the confines of the discipline.

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    When this course has been followed, the utilization of geography's perspectives and knowledge base has increased immeasurably. The National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, for example, has reinforced geography's core role in a mode of analysis and techniques that are not only at the forefront of Page Share Cite Suggested Citation:"8 Rediscovering Geography: Conclusions and Recommendations. Geography as a discipline should devote more attention to the development of larger, integrative, interdisciplinary research projects, particularly projects that would benefit from the collaboration of physical and human geographers or those who develop methods of spatial representation and those who apply those methods, both within the discipline and beyond; and more of this research should be directed at high priority issues for society and science. An example of a research issue suited to both of these emphases is global change, broadly defined see Chapter 7.

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    In this and other cases, geography's ability to contribute on the basis of sound scientific research will often depend on the availability of valid longitudinal information covering the diverse topics incorporated in the discipline's perspectives. Increase the use of geographic perspectives to provide scientific insights that may not be achieved in other ways. Geography's spatial approaches see Chapter 3 increasingly influence research in many fields beyond geography. In addition to geography's contributions to subject-matter knowledge as such, its way of thinking and its skills in understanding visual representation should also be utilized more often throughout science to improve scientific understanding.

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    Individual geographers should therefore become more engaged in interdisciplinary research activities that bring such geographic perspectives and tools to bear on important scientific and societal questions. Increase linkages between geographic research and geographic education, by emphasizing research on geographic learning.

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    If geography is to be an effective contributor to improving the knowledge base in schools, and reach out to America's adult population, it needs to undertake research on how geographic learning takes place. Besides its general value for education, such research will help assure that geography's perspectives and skills are used by colleagues in other sciences, who often are engaged in geographic learning themselves.

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    Research attention also is needed to address what geographic literacy means and how it can be facilitated. The results of such research will strengthen decision making related to education standards, curriculum and materials design, and assessment. Improving Geographic Literacy Geography is being asked by the nation to help improve the geographic literacy of the U. To respond effectively, the committee concludes that steps are needed to: Page Share Cite Suggested Citation:"8 Rediscovering Geography: Conclusions and Recommendations. Although the committee did not evaluate the current state of geography education in America's schools, it shares the widespread impression that this education is not up to world standards e.

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    If geography education is to receive substantially more attention in the nation's schools, it is important for geography as a discipline to assure that the educational content is sound and current. This calls for initiatives to improve both teacher training and educational materials, with specific attention to student performance and curriculum. Foster conceptually sound general education courses in geography as part of a liberal arts college education.

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    Beyond the K level of education, geography should be contributing more effectively to the training of students at the college level, whether or not they are geography majors. Courses in geography should emphasize the discipline's perspectives and skills as well as its subject matter. Develop programs that bring geographic perspectives to bear more effectively on business, government, and other organizations at national to community levels. Clearly, the United States cannot wait a generation—until geographically literate students move into positions of responsibility—to utilize geography to improve decision making and social well-being.

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    Improvements are needed now. To this end, improved linkages are required between geography's professional practitioners and prospective users of its perspectives in business, government, and other organizations at all scales. Use existing institutional bases to expand access by the U. The effective use of geography's perspectives by decision makers in this democratic society will depend substantially on a higher level of geographic literacy throughout the country's population.

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    This challenge involves at least two elements: getting the information out and getting people to use it. For geography as a research discipline, the main responsibility is getting the science right, in terms of substantive content and interactive communication. But geographic ignorance in the United States probably cannot be reduced significantly without strong collaboration among a variety of concerned parties, including geography's organizations, government at several levels, business, nongovernmental interest groups, and the information media. In particular, progress is likely to depend on whether or not the nation's private sector sees geographic literacy as a business opportunity.

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    Strong linkages are needed between professional geography and the business firms that might undertake such an effort, in order to reduce the costs to business of getting geographic information and insights into the marketplace rapidly and to assure that the products and services are sound as well as attractive. The most fundamental problem is one of magnitude: geography's small size relative to demands for its services, broadly defined. But the discipline needs to address itself to problems of substance as well, related both to its traditions and to new directions in response to changing conditions. To these ends, the committee concludes that initiatives are needed to: Rediscover traditional strengths of geography.

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    Much of the recent external interest in geography has been focused on disciplinary traditions that are considered by many geographers to be more characteristic of the past than the future: integrative knowledge, regional knowledge, and field discovery. Geography as a discipline needs to reexamine these traditional strengths, reconsider their intellectual and societal relevance, and expand the attention devoted to them in research and teaching. Discover and pursue new directions for geography. As geography rediscovers its traditions, it also needs to focus on new directions that are essential if the discipline is to remain relevant into the next generation. Directions needing increased emphasis include connections with critical issues for society, involvement in intellectual challenges to science at large e.

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    Several of these directions were addressed earlier in connection with programs to bring geographic perspectives to bear in business, government, and other institutions. Expand geography's resources and reach, reconciling supply and demand. All of the conclusions listed above ask that geography do more in the future than in the past. The most profound problem, and in many ways the most urgent, is that geography is being asked to increase its contributions to science and society at a rate unprecedented in the discipline's history in the United States, yet it remains a small academic discipline situated in educational institutions with very limited capacities for expansion.

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    In terms of geography's reach, it is being asked to strengthen K education and improve the geographic literacy of the general population and major decision making institutions. In addition, its perspectives and skills have new relevance for many multidisciplinary research goals and for science in general, and the discipline needs to match expanded educational roles with expanded research roles in order to maintain a healthy balance as a science. But its human and financial resources in universities, departments, and external sources of research funding are painfully limited—and already strained nearly to the limit in many cases.

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    One key to resolving this mismatch between reach and resources is governmental support, especially as a catalyst for change in the near term support that should not be equated simply Page Share Cite Suggested Citation:"8 Rediscovering Geography: Conclusions and Recommendations. In the longer term, however, the key may be to attract other external sources of support, including foundations and the private sector. Progress in these regards is likely to depend as much on initiatives arising from within the discipline than on external initiatives. Simply stated, geography needs to do a better job of identifying users of its knowledge and techniques—and in estimating demand levels, demand trends, supply priorities, and supply strategies—in order to develop strategies to increase its external resource support.

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    Considering the critical roles of external demands and resources in shaping such a prospect, however, this vision cannot be developed by geography in isolation. As indicated in Chapter 1 , geography is a means to social ends, not an end in itself; and its plan for expanding its resource base must be consistent with those ends and the societal resources allocated to reach them. An example of a specific issue is the growing dependence of effective geographic research and teaching on capital equipment.

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    Except for physical geography and cartography, geography departments in colleges and universities have generally not needed significant equipment budgets in the past. At least partly as a result, the impacts of the technological revolution described in Chapters 4 and 7 have been virtually impossible to accommodate within current institutional concepts of departmental budgeting.

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    In addition, the shorter effective lifetime of higher-technology equipment calls for budgets for regular replacement as well as for base-level capital stock. Alter faculty reward structures in universities, colleges, and geography departments. Reward structures need to recognize the importance of long-term, collaborative research; geographic education, including scholarly contributions to geographic learning; contributions to societal problem solving; and interdisciplinary interaction, including working and publishing with colleagues in other disciplines.

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    Geography's new relevance does not just pose challenges to external bodies and larger institutional settings; it calls for a response by individuals and groups of geographers on their own volition, both as professionals and citizens. In particular, the committee suggests that geographers, their organizations, and their departments should: Recognize education and service as professional responsibilities.

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    In line with general trends in the world of higher education, geographers need to respond 1 Page Share Cite Suggested Citation:"8 Rediscovering Geography: Conclusions and Recommendations. Enhance diversity in geography's perspectives, participants, and audiences. Geographers and their organizations need to make themselves fully aware of trends in the diversity of student and professional populations and trends in the diversity of approaches to seeking understanding.

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    As an expression of the nature of geography, as well as morality and humanity, they must appreciate diversity, value it, support it in their institutional environments, and seek it in their own learning. Furthermore, geographers need to endeavor to address research issues of relevance to a wider range of user communities, including disadvantaged groups. Promote breadth and depth of learning, emphasizing the common core of learning that provides coherence to the discipline.

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    Geography faculty need to take collective responsibility for identifying and infusing into undergraduate and graduate programs the core of conceptual and methodological approaches that provide coherence to the discipline. They need to ensure that undergraduate and graduate students are solidly grounded in the fundamentals of geographic learning, while at the same time affording graduate students opportunities for in-depth training at the frontiers of knowledge in selected subspecialties. To this end, faculty members need to make more of an effort to collaborate across subspecialties, especially between human and physical subspecialties, between these subspecialties and those emphasizing spatial representation, and across institutions. Faculty need to ensure that their undergraduate and graduate students are exposed to the range of geographic topics, research traditions, and methodologies that define the core of the discipline. At the undergraduate level, faculty members need to provide exposure to the various subspecialties in a way that reinforces the ideal of a liberal education and at the same time prepares students for advanced training.

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    Such exposure might come, for example, through courses and seminars led by teams of physical and human geographers that emphasize the connectivity among subspecialties. At the same time, faculty members must provide opportunities for graduate students to obtain depth of learning in selected subdisciplines. Such opportunities might come through pre- and postdoctoral training opportunities, collaborations with faculty members in other departments, and extracurricular activities such as summer institutes. Promote and participate in professional interactions with other sciences. As participants in a larger intellectual enterprise and as individual representatives of geography in an era of reaching out more actively beyond disciplinary boundaries, geographers need to seek interactions with other scientists, not only through multidisciplinary programs and research projects but through a wider range of discourse.

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