Administrative Law Exam Questions And Answers

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    You may also buy them from a law school bookstore, or other bookstore, or find them online. If you prefer, you may even borrow the material from a law library. Exam outlines also known as a syllabi are revised as required. We may update them from...

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    National Emergency Board- is there a reasonable apprehension of bias with a reasonable person Institutional Decisions- every decision must be made by the person hearing the case. Can delegate research as long as the person hearing the case is the...

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    If what was granted was less then what ought to have been granted then you may have grounds to challenge and have the decision quashed or be entitled to some other remedy 9. Is there an error of fact and or law b. And if there is, what the nature of that error is — ie, law or fact Distinction is often blurred c. Always start with the statute then go beyond that and look at the CL rule 2.

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    Always start with the statute here as well 3. Isolate the decision that was made 4. First frame the issue to estab that there are grounds for challenging that there are errors of fact or law 5. Next establish the SOR — to what degree is the reviewing ct going to defer to the tribunal 8 a. Deference if only effects the party in case- less deference if beyond parties in case.

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    New Brunswick, SCC 9 , is the leading Supreme Court of Canada decision in Canadian administrative law on the topic of substantive review and standards of review. The decision is notable for combining the reasonableness simpliciter and patent unreasonableness standards of review into a single reasonableness standard. His probationary period was extended twice and the employer reprimanded him on three separate occasions during the course of his employment. On the third occasion, a formal letter of reprimand was sent to D warning him that his failure to improve his performance would result in further disciplinary action up to and including dismissal. The standard of review is reasonableness. The combined effect of ss. Where a public 11 employee is employed under a contract of employment, regardless of his or her status as a public office holder, the applicable law governing his or her dismissal is the law of contract, not general principles arising out of public law. It held that where a public office holders employment is governed by an employment contract disputes relating to his or her dismissal should be resolved according to the express or implied terms of the contract and any applicable statutes and regulations , just like any contractual employee.

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    In other words, a public authority that dismisses an employee pursuant to an employment contract is not subject to an additional public law duty of fairness and the public employees seeking to challenge the dismissal is limited to ordinary contractual employees. See p Discretionary Decisions- still apply standard of review analysis but also push towards more deference. Alot of room for maneuver on who makes decision- Parliament does not outline criteria in making decision- tribunals must do what makes sense and it is up to the tribunal to decide- courts can quash for abuse of discretion Abuse of discretion- decisions made on basis of irrelevant considerations- ignore relevant considerations- know whats relevant by looking at the enabling statute- must look to enabling statute objective and purpose.

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    Has tribunal member considered objective and purpose of what the purpose of statute is? Push towards correctness standard invariably if jurisdiction issue.

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    It reflects a common theme that planning is half of a battle. If you plan well enough, execution doesn't become easier, but success is much more likely when you have all aspects of the event in contemplation. I believe this idea applies to the NCA examination process as well. Instead of going through the motions of completing the exams, creating a strategy, with a more active role in gaining the upper hand when writing these tests is a surefire way to success. The standard convention was to do a few exams at a time. I have read stories about people who had written all of theirs at once, but it would sound more like a myth than a tangible goal since the internet didn't have stories to learn from. So I decided to be a guinea pig to see if I could write all of my 7 required NCA examinations in one shot.

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    By no means would it be an easy task, but I also knew it would be just as much about strategy, as it would be about understanding the substantive law. With that said, I contemplated all the givens of the circumstances, to figure out how best to approach this: The exams were all pass or fail see here. In practice, this meant that the threshold to succeed was lower than in law school, where you were incentivized to get a higher grade. All questions are not necessarily weighed equally. I would be able to prepare my notes and have them alongside me in the exam see here. This felt like a distinct advantage from how I was trained in the UK, where it was all closed book exams. At the same time, I had to consider if this would be reconciled with a more difficult exam. Upon looking at the preparation questions, it seemed that was not necessarily the case. I would be limited to 3 hours for each exam.

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    Therefore, time would be one of the most pressing concerns, and so, I needed to mitigate the stress of time somehow. This means my notes would play a significant role in my strategy - what would I need to include to decreased the amount of time spent on questions, while also ensuring I covered all my bases. What I gathered from this is that the NCA exams are not designed for you to fail, trip you up, or at the very least make it unreasonably difficult for you to succeed. After taking all seven exams, I affirmed this when I noticed how incredibly fair these exams were.

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    There were no curve balls concerning questions asked well, maybe foundations, to be discussed below ; study materials were very reflective of what you could expect to be tested on. So having had passed all of my exams in one sitting, I decided to share my thoughts and experiences on the whole process, as I found it particularly difficult to get a broad overview of what I was getting into while I was studying. Preparing I am not going to pretend that my method of preparation is the best way, or even suggest that following in my steps will give you the same results. In fact, there are caveats to my being able to have written all exams at once. For those considering mirroring me, realize that I had the luxury and privilege of 3 months to prepare, without the distraction of a full-time job or other extensive obligations. Much of my time was dedicated to these exams. Time is one of the most important factors for preparation, as you want to give yourself enough time to digest all this information.

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    In addition to this, I prefer to learn and study in isolation. Through law school I preferred being off reading on my own, opposed to learning in a lecture. So these exams didn't put me in the uncomfortable circumstance of self-directed learning that many may not be familiar with. Also, consider the cost of the exams -- if you are making the financial obligation to commit to upwards of seven exams, you will be investing thousands of dollars. So here we go, these are some key points to preparing for these exams that are more likely than not, the reasons I was able to pass: A Complete Set of Notes: Amazing friends of mine helped me out with this. My friend Kait, whom I volunteered with check out my article about the benefits of volunteering had completed her NCA exams and was kind enough to allow me to borrow her notes. Another friend, Emma, who is completing her final year in law school, was also super kind enough to help me with her set of notes.

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    Their assistance was probably the most significant element to getting the ball rolling; with solid notes, I did not need to figure out WHERE or WHAT parts of the course needed to be written down. Reading all the required books would have zapped up a lot of time and energy. I would suggest getting access to all your notes before you begin your preparation. I chose not to rely heavily on books, but that may be a matter of preference. I would not recommend others doing the same, but gauge your level of understanding as you actively read through these notes.

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    You can do this by looking at the NCA Syllabus and checking to see if you understand what the practice questions are asking you. Reading to Understand: It is a general theme and strategy I take to learning new things. I knew that if I was going to be writing any of these exams, I needed first to understand what I was going to be studying before I could solve problems, speak intelligently on topics, or memorize anything. I set myself a schedule and timeline for reading these. I gave myself around days to read notes in their entirety. There's no substitution for understanding, so if there was anything unclear, I would supplement that with books, or google. If you cannot read a question and know exactly what is being asked of you, you probably haven't read enough to understand the material before you, so I wanted to avoid this hurdle by getting a gist on each topic.

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    Past Exams: While it is important to comprehend the material, it is the practice that that will make you proficient, come test day. Unfortunately, the NCA only provides a limited amount of questions for you to further your understanding and abilities. For this reason, I searched for past exam questions. Anywhere I could find practice questions I went to collect. These were much harder to come across than I had imagined. I began to search law school websites for past exam papers - and unsurprisingly, there were dozens to choose from in many relevant topics check out UBC's past law school exam collection. What was challenging about having questions, however, was not always having the answers provided to let you know you are on the right track. It is hard to assess how well I answered the questions.

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    With that said, it was an invaluable tool that allowed me to spot reoccurring key issues in each area of law. Focus my Efforts: I then began to focus intensively on each subject. Reading to understand was more of a leisurely endeavour; under less stressful circumstances I found I could enjoy the material, and evolve my knowledge with genuine curiosity. Practicing and memorizing for each exam was a bit more exhausting, as I begun to bridge my knowledge with the practicality of answering questions intelligently. Now that I had known what I would be tested on, I reviewed my material to ensure that I could identify each issue in every question. All fundamental issues are distinguishable; having viewed several exam papers for each area, I picked out the key issues that I believed were most likely to be tested.

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    When I identified these issues, my efforts were now focused on understanding and being able to intelligently address these matters when tested. Prepare for the Battle: I now had response frameworks made, for each potential issue that could pop up. My final few days were made up of developing these templates to be used in possible answers for questions. It turns out this was incredibly helpful. I want to instantly identify what the issues are, and go straight into answering the questions. Whether it was a fluke or not, I am not sure, but at least half of all my exams were me copying down word for word the pre-made templated answers I had prepared.

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    Ideally, you should have prepared so well, that any question that pops up won't be a surprise, as you would have already answered something similar to the question being asked. For example, I found this to be the case especially for Administrative Law: it was such a systematic analysis, that many questions often followed the same templated answers. For that reason, I found it to be one of the most straightforward exams. All my exams that week had me bringing templates on to answer questions. Most of my focus ended up being on analysis — the bulk and crux of what examiners will be looking for. Juggling Multiple Exams: Retaining knowledge for 7 exams might be the most impressive aspect of the whole endeavour. Initially, I found the idea to be overwhelming before I realized memorization was not a key feature for this exam.

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    In fact, it was a game of familiarity. Reading to understand, and frequent revision of notes allowed me to become comfortable with so much content. It was also important for me to regularly rotate what classes I was reviewing, as to not lose touch. My schedule featured a new area of law every couple of days. Grouping courses like Foundations, Canadian Constitution and Administrative Law together were also beneficial to digesting information as there was a lot of overlap in content. Exam Week To be honest, after having prepared for three months, I found the most challenging aspect of actually writing these exams, was the toll it took on my body. Five consecutive days of exams, where I have up to 4 sessions in 48 hours physically and mentally depleted me. However, some key things to note during your exam week may be: Materials Ready: I found myself playing catch up the night before each exam, preparing my binder of notes.

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    In my arsenal of exam material were: answer frameworks; list of cases; full study notes; Wikipedia explanations of selected concepts that were difficult to put into my own words. By the final few exams, I became confident that these items were beneficial to saving time and mental energy during the exam time. I actually found my case list to be the least helpful during the course of the exams, however, that may be because it had helped me to become familiar with spotting the issues.

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    In addition to that, the pre-made answer frameworks covered most of the instances where I needed to make references to cases. I still valued these case lists, however, as they were quick reference tools. Zero Study Time: This far into it, I could not afford to study for the exams. I had to know the content and have materials ready, or I was out of luck.

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    There simply would not have been time or energy available to study for the exams during this week. This may just be a matter of personal preference, but I didn't revisit my notes for any of the courses until 30 minutes before each exam. My time was filled with keeping cool, calm and collected. Reassuring myself that I had done all I could to prepare myself gave me a bit of added confidence. At one point, I brought my Civil Procedure book in, hoping that it would be useful for all the case law I may need to cite. I don't think books are particularly helpful in practice when it comes down to exam time.

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    You simply do not have time to go searching for the information. To do so can be very costly remember what I said about the 3-hour time constraint? With that said, these books could be your hail Mary or last resort should you not have any other reference material. However, you probably haven't prepared well enough if you are relying on your textbooks. Take Care of Your Body: I don't sleep well when under stress.

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    Question I. Sub Question A My principal challenge would be that the President has acted ultra vires. To allow the executive order to have effect would be to intrude upon the exclusive prerogative of the Congress under Article 1 to exercise legislative power, and this violates separation of powers. Youngstown Sheet and Tube leaves the door open slightly for presidential authority exercised through executive order in the foreign affairs arena and in the housekeeping or purely executive arena.

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    Except as noted below with respect to possible treatment of domain names as government property, neither of these possibilities for presidential power helps save this executive order. While the regulatory scheme is foreign, the President is not really doing anything with respect to foreign affairs by issuing the order, and thus can enjoy no power under his foreign affairs functions in Article 2. I think my argument against the invalidity of the executive order is an overwhelming one. The problem is: how do I get to court and get meaningful relief? My client wants a domain name, which the ICOP refuses to give him.

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    Invalidating the executive order, without more, does not give him the domain name he wants. The validity of the executive order under the constitution presents a federal question so the United States district courts would have jurisdiction under 28 U. The President, no doubt, would assert sovereign immunity, and I would argue that the federal courts have inherent equitable power to enjoin ultra vires acts by federal officers, and that an ultra vires act is personal and not official and therefore outside sovereign immunity. Our strongest authority in this regard would be McAnulty v.

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    American School of Magnetic Healing, which supports the proposition that federal courts have inherent equitable jurisdiction to enjoin ultra vires acts by federal officers. But enjoining the executive order does not get my client a domain name. I would need to assert some other legal claim, based on private law--probably anti trust--to force the ICOP to give the requested domain name, or at least to follow some further procedures, as discussed in the answer to Sub Question B before denying the requested domain name. In the alternative, I would argue that, if the executive order is valid, it has given ICOP the status of a federal agency. That alternative argument would justify a judicial order forcing ICOP to give my client the domain name.

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    All of these arguments are strong. The only conceivable response I can anticipate is that the government would argue that Internet domain names are a form of U. According to this argument, the President might be able to designate ICOP as a private entity responsible for administering this unusual form of government contract right.

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    Perry v. Sindermann and Roth v. Board of Regents would be helpful to me in this regard, as would Goldberg v. Kelly, although my position would be somewhat weaker than the claimants in those cases because I do not already have the domain name, but merely seek one, and thus must establish the proposition that the regulatory arrangement gives me a property interest in receiving a domain name when I satisfy legally acceptable criteria.

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    Sub Question B The principal difference here is that there now is legislative authority for the ICOP regulatory arrangement, and I lose my attack on the validity of the executive order. All of the arguments I now make to attack the statute are also available to attack the executive order in Sub Question A, and the counter arguments with respect to domain names as a form of government contractual entitlement property remain available to the Government. I have several constitutional arguments. Whether or not the ICOP decision makers are principal officers or "other officers," the ICOP arrangement does not provide for the appropriate appointing authority consistent with Article 2 and Morrison v. Second, there is a major problem with delegation of legislative power--the power to make rules, which ICOP obviously does--under Meat Cutters v. There is no apparent judicial review mechanism. Nor are there clear standards to guide the exercise of delegated power.

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    The only thing that might save this delegation of legislative power is the narrow subject matter Internet domain names and the implicit availability of judicial review of arbitration awards. The implicit judicial review would help save the statute under the delegation doctrine only if the arbitrator, and then the reviewing court, would have power to consider claims of ultra vires action by any of the ICOP decision makers. Third, the legislation is unconstitutional because it delegates judicial power without preserving the essential attributes of judicial power in an Article 3 court. This is the weakest of my constitutional arguments because under Shorer v. CFTC, and Thomas v. Union Carbide, an arbitration mechanism can meet separation of powers in Crowell v. Benson as long as a court reviewing the arbitration award has the power to decide questions of law de novo and to review factual decisions for evidentiary support--only a slight deviation from traditional standards for judicial review of private arbitration awards.

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    It did not issue the proposed rule for comment, or publish the final rules of the Federal Register. Thus the rules are invalid for failure to observe procedures required by law under 5 U. Because the rules are invalid, they can provide no support for the adjudicatory decision denying my client his requested domain name. Constitutional requirements of procedural due process say that my client should have been entitled to a live hearing on his arguments that the rules were invalid. This a relatively weak argument because arbitration almost certainly meets all of the requirements of procedural due process, and that was available to my client. I may have some difficulty getting judicial resolution of my arguments because I have not exhausted all administrative remedies, specifically including arbitration. On the other hand, most of my arguments go to pure legal issues, and not factual issues, and Webster v.

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    Doe suggests that I should have a judicial forum available for arguments like these even if there were an express preclusion of judicial review, which there is not. My assertion of federal jurisdiction is based on the constitutional claims, giving rise to federal question jurisdiction under 28 U. Sub Question C This regulatory scheme is hard to save, because of the major constitutional flaws identified in the answers to Sub Questions A and B. It could be made constitutional by ensuring that it is established by statute, that at least a majority of its decision makers are appointed by the President or by department heads of the United States Government, and by subjecting its rule making and adjudicatory decisions to review by Article 3 courts. But that would make it an American administrative agency, and it is hard to imagine foreign entities and governments accepting that.

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